The carbon atom has unique properties that allow it to form covalent bonds to as many as four different atoms, making this versatile element ideal to serve as the basic structural component, or "backbone, " of the macromolecules. Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate group to an organic compound, in this case, resulting in ATP. Polymers are split into monomers by hydrolysis (-lysis = "rupture"). Organic compounds answer key. Sets found in the same folder. Proteins Function as Enzymes. Geometric isomers, alternatively have similar placements of their covalent bonds but differ in how these bonds are made to the surrounding atoms, especially in carbon-to-carbon double bonds. All information is provided in good faith, however, we make no representation or warranty of any kind regarding its accuracy, validity, reliability, or completeness. The overall reaction for the conversion of the energy in glucose to energy stored in ATP can be written: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP. Organic compounds essential to human functioning include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleotides.
In DNA, two such backbones attach at their protruding bases via hydrogen bonds. Many of the organic compounds in living cells are macromolecules, or "giant molecules, " made from thousands or even hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules. Grains, fruits, and legumes and other vegetables provide most of the carbohydrate in the human diet, although lactose is found in dairy products. The sugar molecules may also help white blood cells identify infected tissues. The suffixes "-ane, " "-ene, " and "-yne" refer to the presence of single, double, or triple carbon-carbon bonds, respectively. A nucleotide is one of a class of organic compounds composed of three subunits: - one or more phosphate groups. More than 20 different amino acids are found in nature. Errors in the formation of sugar ID molecules have been implicated in some autoimmune disorders. These are sucrose, commonly referred to as table sugar, lactose, or milk sugar, and maltose, or malt sugar. Carbon's affinity for covalent bonding means that many distinct and relatively stable organic molecules readily form larger, more complex molecules. In nature, the L-forms of amino acids are predominant in proteins. The most important is cholesterol. 1. b. Relate Cause and Effect What properties of carbon explain carbon's ability to form different large and complex structures? 2.3 carbon compounds answer key west. It functions only because enzymes function.
Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The breakdown of sugars, such as glucose, supplies immediate energy for cell activities. All body cells can use glucose for fuel. A functional group can participate in specific chemical reactions. 2.3 Guided Notes With Answers | PDF | Carbohydrates | Macromolecules. Recent flashcard sets. In fact, the chemical formula for a "generic" molecule of carbohydrate is (CH2O) n. Carbohydrates are referred to as saccharides, a word meaning "sugars. "
Lipids are a large and varied group of biological molecules. With an atomic number of 6 (six electrons and six protons), the first two electrons fill the inner shell, leaving four in the second shell. Membranes and waterproof coverings. Structures within cells use these amino acids when assembling proteins. All 20 of these amino acids share a similar structure (Figure 2.
All lipids are hydrophobic and unable to dissolve in the watery environment of blood. BUILD VOCABULARY – SIGHT WORDS. A protein's primary structure is the sequence of its amino acids. The large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides are known as polysaccharides. For example, the side chains of two amino acids—cysteine and methionine—contain sulfur. Again, these reactions also liberate the energy that had been stored in the phosphate-phosphate bonds. Phospholipids are compounds composed of a diglyceride with a phosphate group attached at the molecule's head. Enzymes, introduced earlier as protein catalysts, are examples of this. A disaccharide is a pair of monosaccharides. DIFFERENTIATED INSTRUCTION – CLOZE PROMPTS. In Drosophila, a cross was made between a yellow-bodied male with vestigial (not fully developed) wings and a wild-type female (brown body). Carbon and its compounds question answer. Polysaccharides are the polymers, and can consist of hundreds to thousands of monomers.
Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1: 2: 1. A structural formula shows how the atoms in a compound are arranged. This variety results in proteins being among the most diverse macromolecules. Besides glucose, monosaccharides include galactose, which is a component of milk, and fructose, which is found in many fruits. An example of a hydrophobic group is the nonpolar methyl molecule. FIGURE 2-12 – CARBON STRUCTURES. Will not be liable for loss or damage of any kind incurred as a result of using the information provided on the site. This hydrolysis reaction can be written: ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi + energy.
This promotes increased reaction speed. For example, when glucose first enters a cell, a phosphate group is transferred from ATP, forming glucose phosphate (C6H12O6—P) and ADP. One reason that the omega-3 fatty acids found in fish are beneficial is that they stimulate the production of certain prostaglandins that help regulate aspects of blood pressure and inflammation, and thereby reduce the risk for heart disease. The Chemistry of Carbon. Fatty acids are also components of glycolipids, which are sugar-fat compounds found in the cell membrane. Proteins are also components of many of the body's functional chemicals, including digestive enzymes in the digestive tract, antibodies, the neurotransmitters that neurons use to communicate with other cells, and the peptide-based hormones that regulate certain body functions (for instance, growth hormone). Amino acids are compounds with an amino group (–NH 2) on one end and a carboxyl group (–COOH) on the other end. Three of these are the hexose sugars, so called because they each contain six atoms of carbon.
Once glucose is phosphorylated in this way, it can be stored as glycogen or metabolized for immediate energy. There are two kinds of nucleic acids: ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). It is likely that enzymes speed up chemical reactions in part because the enzyme–substrate complex undergoes a set of temporary and reversible changes that cause the substrates to be oriented toward each other in an optimal position to facilitate their interaction. If each carbon atom in a lipid's fatty acid chains is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond, the lipid is said to be saturated. Trans fats are created from unsaturated fatty acids (such as corn oil) when chemically treated to produce partially hydrogenated fats. Similarly, a strand of amino acids could not maintain a stable spiral shape without the help of hydrogen bonds, which create bridges between different regions of the same strand (see Figure 2. PO 4), and a nitrogenous base. However, some macromolecules are made up of several "copies" of single units called monomer (mono- = "one"; -mer = "part"). Furthermore, individual carbon-to-carbon bonds may be single, double, or triple covalent bonds, and each type of bond affects the molecule's geometry in a specific way.
The glycogen stored in your muscles supplies the energy for muscle contraction. Normally, carbon atoms share with other carbon atoms, often forming a long carbon chain referred to as a carbon skeleton.
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